Flag #1 Heights Flag honoring our part in the Rhode Island Campaign, August 1778, Revolutionary War
Sponsored by Cindy and Al Romano
According to the History of Salisbury by John Dearborn, at least 22 Salisbury sons took part in the Rhode Island Campaign, joining forces with other Continentals, including the First Rhode Island Regiment.
According to John Dearborn, in the history of Salisbury, Capt. Ebenezer Webster led the third company in Gen Whipple’s brigade. In this brigade were Elder Benjamin Huntoon and Edward Eastman. Lieut Robert Smith, Ensign Andrew Bohonon, Joseph Feifield, Samuel Scribner, Benjamin Pettengill, James Johnson, WM Calef, Jonathan Fifield, Shuable Fifield, Joseph Hoyt, Winthrop Fifield, Moses Garland, Jeremiah Bowen, John Sanborn, Moses Welch, Benjamin Eastman, and Phineas Bean. In the Col Centers regiment, Joseph Bean, Joseph Webster, and Daniel Gilman. Also, Stephen Bohonon and James Johnson.
In the Battle of Rhode Island, Phineas Bean was severely wounded in the face.
Baptist Graveyard: Jonathan Fifield, Joseph Fifield, Moses Garland, and Captain Benjamin Pettingill
South Road Graveyard: Joseph Bean, Phineas Bean, Maj. Stephen Bohonon
Calef/Bog Road Graveyard: William Calef was possibly a participant
The symbols on this flag went on to become part of the Rhode Island State Flag. The anchor, which was often found on tombstones in early graveyards, signifies Hope rather than nautical connections.
Of Note: Initially, it was the flag of the fully integrated 1st Rhode Island Regiment, consisting of 240 soldiers, of which approximately 140 were African Americans and some Indians who joined forces with reinforcements from elsewhere to attempt to hold the Newport area.
Flag #2 Heights Fort Sumter, SC Flag April 12, 1861, early Civil War Era Flag 33 stars
Sponsored by Gail Henry
Honoring our Civil War soldiers. When Abraham Lincoln took office in 1861, the official flag consisted of 33 stars. The 33 stars is the Ft. Sumter flag (above) is one of the most famous Civil War era flags. This is the flag that was flown at Fort Sumter, S.C., when the Confederates began bombarding it on April 12, 1861, the first official action of the Civil War. Kansas joined shortly after.
According to John Dearborn in the History of Salisbury, Charles Heath died 3 days after returning to Salisbury, Aug 19, 1863 buried at Stevens Cemetery. Albert A.G. French died at Port Hudson, Louisiana July 1, 1863. Henry C. George died in Port Hudson, LA July 29. 1863. Charles Colby died of disease at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, July 20, 1863. Pvt Andrew Colby died of disease at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, June 27, 1863. Jonathan Bagley was killed in action near Petersburg, VA, in July 1864. Pvt William Kenniston died of the Black Measles at Newport, Penn. Pvt Henry Scott died of disease at Bermuda Hundreds, Jan 30, 1863. Meshach Blaisdell, age 20, buried at the Baptist graveyard, died at Mound City, Ill, Aug 18, 1863, while on his way home.
Flag #3 Heights Bunker Hill Flag, Colonial Flag of New England, pre- and Revolutionary War
Sponsored by Laura Dutile
Honoring Abraham Fifield with others who fought at the battles of Bunker Hill and Bennington. Abraham Fifield used his revolutionary service pension to build and live in the home once occupied by Mary & John Philips on the West Salisbury Road.
This red flag is widely used as the “Bunker Hill Flag” and is sometimes called the Trumbull Flag. The John Trumbull painting below of the battle helped to imprint in the minds of the viewer that this flag was flown.
The painter and map maker, John Trumbull, was known for making great efforts to paint with historical accuracy. Though several miles away, he was in a sense an eyewitness to the battle, observing it through a telescope. As a mapmaker, John Trumbull made detailed maps of the military positions around Boston. In time, he was made an aide to General Washington. In his painting, he showed the colonists carrying an English Red Ensign with a pine tree on a white field in the canton (the upper left corner). This became known as the Continental Flag and was a commonly used flag in New England. You often will see the flag in Blue, and to confuse things, John Trumble, the artist, did at a later date put a blue flag in his painting. Experts seem to all agree that the flag was red, as it was the New England Flag carried into battle.
This flag predates the Revolutionary War by many decades. At one early point, the flag had a cross in the canton with the pine tree. At the urging of the Puritans, the cross was removed, though the flag flew in some areas of New England. We
This flag honors the people keeping the home fires burning and the sons of Salisbury who volunteered, unsolicited and undrafted, and appeared ready to fight to secure the elevated, strategic land at Charleston to control Boston Harbor.
Known participants in the Battle of Bunker Hill:
- Baptist Graveyard: Ens. Abraham Fifield, Joseph Fifield, Moses Garland, Capt.Benjamin Pettengill
- Bean Graveyard: Capt. John Smith
- South Road Graveyard: Benjamin Baker, Sgt Moses Fellows
- Stevens Graveyard: Daniel Stevens
About Bunker Hill Flags:
For more information, see The Battle of Bunker Hill
Flag #4: Heights Grand Union Flag, Revolutionary War
Sponsored by Paul Hynes and Chuck Motta
George Washington’s Grand Union, Boston Militia
This perplexing flag combines the British Flag and the Rebellious 13 stripes.
This Continental or Grand Union Flag (see 5 various names below) was displayed over the camp of Washington’s militia in Cambridge, Mass, and is also referred to as the Cambridge Flag. It shows the English Cross of St. George and the Scottish Cross of St. Andrew, suggesting that the colonists were not ready for a total break with the mother country, or perhaps it was just an easy transition to add the stripes of the rebellious colonies right onto the British Flag. In either case, it was symbolic of rebellion against the existing rule as it was.
There are 13 stripes representing the 13 colonies in place of the solid red of the British flag. In-depth information about this flag is courtesy of the Important Grand Union Flag Facts Every American Should Know.
- The Grand Union is the United States’ first national flag. The Grand Union flag was created during the first year of the Revolutionary War. The designer and exact date of creation are unknown, but it is credited as the first national flag of the United States. It was an important signal that indicated increasing separation from the British.
- The Grand Union flag has five names. Over the years, this flag has been referred to in lots of different ways. Five names have stuck with it over time—here they are. The Grand Union—this name originated during the United States’ Reconstruction Era. It was first applied to this flag by George Preble in 1872. Since then, it has become the most popular name. The Continental Colors—at the time, the United States was known as the United Colonies of North America. This name is likely a nod to that. The Congress Flag—the Continental Congress met under this flag; that’s probably the origin of this name. The First Navy Ensign—in December of 1775, a lieutenant in the newly formed Continental Navy raised the flag on the colonial warship USS Alfred, earning it yet another name. The Cambridge Flag—it’s said that George Washington’s troops raised this flag near Cambridge, Massachusetts, on New Year’s Eve in 1776, spawning another moniker in the process.
- The Grand Union is a modified British flag. During the first year of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress had to create a flag to represent their military, government, and new nation. They were quite familiar with the British Red Ensign, a flag flown by the Royal Navy, and they probably had access to lots of these flags. Turning a Red Ensign into a Grand Union was quite simple: simply sew six white stripes onto the red background to create the 13 alternating red and white stripes we’re all familiar with. This practice didn’t last too long: the field in the top left was soon replaced with stars, and the Stars and Stripes as we know it was born.
Flag #5 Heights ‘ ‘ ‘Join or Die” or Benjamin Franklin Flag (Woodcut cartoon). French and Indian Wars period- pre-Revolutionary War & Revolutionary War
Sponsored by David Merwin, a Descendant of Benjamin Franklin
A Political Cartoon becomes a Flag. Courtesy of the following blog:
American Revolution Blog: Influence of Franklin’s “Join or Die”
Influence of Franklin’s “Join or Die”
In early 1754, Philadelphia printer Benjamin Franklin became one of the earliest political cartoonists in American history. As a printer, Franklin had regularly published political commentaries on various issues. His “Join or Die” publication, however, was quite different and would be remembered for generations to come.
During the early part of 1754, Franklin became quite concerned about the security and future of the British colonies. He believed that each colony was going too far in its direction, and thus neglecting the need for unity. As a result, Franklin created this early political cartoon that served as a call for unity. The cartoon (originally done as a wood carving) was posted not only in Franklin’s paper but was distributed across the colonies. The snake (each section representing an individual British colony) was purposely cut into pieces, suggesting that death would come not only to the snake, but to the colonies as well if they chose to stay divided. (It is also worth noting that 18th-century society believed that a snake would come back to life if the pieces were all put together and buried before sundown.)
- During the war with the French, Franklin’s “Join or Die” slogan was used as a battle cry, inspiring colonies to unite against the French. In the years before the American Revolution, Franklin would again use his “Join or Die” logo to promote union with the British (Franklin even suggested to Parliament that the colonies could be joined with Great Britain in the original Acts of Union, which had united Scotland and England). England’s passage of the Stamp Act in 1765 gave Americans a cause to rally around. Naturally, Franklin’s slogan was brought out of the closet, this time to rally against the British.
- With the onset of the American Revolution, patriots from across the colonies used Franklin’s “Join or Die” to promote the cause of independence. The slogan could regularly be seen in the windows of shops, on flags, and in newspapers.
- Several early Salisbury citizens were participants in resisting the French. Notably, Moses Garland was a member of Rogers’ Rangers. He is buried in the Baptist Graveyard.
- For an interesting read on the problem of uniting the colonies during Britain’s conflict with the French:
- Protocols of Liberty: Chapter Five, Illustration: Join or Die
Flag #6 Heights Washington’s Cruisers- Revolutionary War
Sponsored by Mary Heath
This flag was used by George Washington on a squadron of six schooners, which he outfitted at his own expense in the fall of 1775. This flag was a variation of the New England Pine Tree flag. The Continental Navy, knowing they were up against the greatest naval power in the world, set sail flying a flag with an “APPEAL TO HEAVEN.” They needed all the help they could get.
Partial excerpt below from: Appeal to Heaven Story
The year was 1775, and our country was just about to face its greatest battle on American soil; it was the beginning of the American Revolution. At that time, the British (the most powerful military in the world) were occupying Boston, and problems in the colonies were rising. George Washington wanted to intercept incoming British ships with supplies; however, the popular vote in Philadelphia disagreed with anything to do with upsetting the king, especially after the Boston Tea Party. Our General decided to take it upon himself, behind closed doors, to commission 6 privately owned schooners and start his navy (rumored to be at his own expense). It was to be called “Washington’s Secret Navy,” and all boats were to have “An Appeal to Heaven” flags upon them. Also known as the “Washington’s cruiser flag”, it was a white flag with an evergreen tree in the middle and the words “An Appeal to Heaven” stitched across.
For more information on the Historical use of the Pine Tree Symbol, see Flag #4 below for Crossroads East.
Flag #7 Heights First Navy Jack, Flag of the Continental Navy, possibly as early as the Revolutionary War, and onwards
Sponsored by Rick Chandler
“The First Navy Jack” is the current US jack authorized by the United States Navy and is flown from the jackstaff of commissioned vessels of the U.S. Navy while moored pierside or at anchor. The 13-striped design is traditionally regarded as that of the first U.S. naval jack flown in the earliest years of the republic. (From Wikipedia)
5 Flags at South Road Village, Crossroads East
Route 127 near the Route 4 Junction
Franklin Road is going to the East
Flag #1 East Green Mountain Boys
Sponsored by The Cravens Sisters, Mary Fain, Eliza Sciacca, & Jane Cravens
The Green Mountain Boys Flag/John Stark Flag was a regimental flag of a group of militiamen in the Colonial New Hampshire Grants territory between NH and NY. Vermont (1791) did not exist at the time of the Revolution. They fought off the efforts of colonial NY to extend into the territories of what was to be Vermont early on under Ethan Allen. This unit was initially comprised of a tight bond of friends and neighbor militiamen.
Under Ethan Allen and they were instrumental in capturing Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point in the early days of the war.
On August 16, 1777, they fought under General Stark of NH at the Battle of Bennington, an important victory. John Stark was also present at Bunker Hill. Salisbury men were on the field with John Stark.
John Stark was a native of New Hampshire and a veteran of the French and Indian Wars, and Lieut. In the light infantry of Rogers’ Rangers, pre-revolution. Moses Garland, a Salisbury resident, served in Rogers Rangers as well.
General Stark commanded the First NH Regiment, among which were Salisbury men.
Flag #2 East Sons Of Liberty 9 Striped Flag, Stamp Act Protest abt 1765
Sponsored by Ron & Rose Cravens
“In honor of those first brave ones who first stood up in the earliest stirrings of the American Revolution”.
In 1765, James Otis, a distinguished Boston lawyer and orator, invited the 13 colonies to the Congress in New York to petition the King and Parliament, making note of their rights and declaring their protests against the Stamp Act. Nine attended, including NH.
Aug 1765, “The Sons of Liberty” soon produced a flag and hung it on the Liberty Tree in Boston, high above the tree branches. A later version included all 13 states with the stripes horizontal.
Flag #3 East Commander Washington’s Flag, the personal flag of General George Washington, Revolutionary War
Sponsored by Kathie Downes
There is ongoing research being made about Washington’s Commander-in-Chief Standard/Flag. It most likely dates back to 1775. Because it was Washington’s flag, it was with him wherever he went and saw the same action as he did. The actual color of the flag appeared to have been a light blue, which it is currently.
A painting by James Peale (Battle of Princeton), below, shows a large blue standard with a linear arrangement of stars.
Personal Flag of George Washington
According to Dearborn’s History of Salisbury, the following Salisbury sons died at Valley Forge:
- Ephraim Heath, Valley Forge camp, 1778, from exposure and sickness
- Reuben Greeley, Valley Forge camp, 1778, from exposure and sickness
- Philip Lufkin Valley Forge camp, 1778, from exposure and sickness
- William Bayley, Valley Forge camp, 1778, from exposure and sickness
Flag #4 East Early New England Flag
Sponsored by David Lovlein
“Pine Tree flag” is a generic name for several flags used by the New England and Massachusetts colonies from 1686 to 1778. It has been the emblem of New England since it was discovered and colonized.
The Pine Tree was which is thought to have been originally a symbol used by the Pennacook Abenaki, is used as it is today.
The Pine Tree represents the extensive forests of straight Pines that existed when the colonists arrived. They made excellent ship masts and were a valuable resource for both Britain and the colonists. This led to the Pine Tree Riots of 1772.
From the link below, “The colonists resented the restrictions on the timber they used for their needs and livelihoods, and many continued to harvest the marked trees. The law caused more anger and backlash than the Stamp Act or even the Tea Tax, and eventually resulted in the Pine Tree Riot of 1772.”
It was used ot symbolize the early colonies and then used again during the American Revolution.
For more information, The History of the Pine Tree Flags of the American RevolutionGettysburg Flag Works Blog
Flag #5 East The Betsy Ross or Thirteen Original Colonies Flag, circle format, Revolutionary War
Sponsored by Jim & Jenn Hoyt
On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress, seeking to promote national pride and unity, adopted the national flag. “Resolved: that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.”
For more information, Fort McHenry Battle Facts and Summary, American Battlefield Trust
Maryland | Sep 13, 1814
The failed bombardment of Fort McHenry forced the British to abandon their land assault on the crucial port city of Baltimore. This British defeat was a turning point in the War of 1812, leading both sides to reach a peace agreement later that year.
How it ended
United States victory. American forces resisted the dramatic British bombardment of Fort McHenry and proved they could stand up to a great world power. The exploding shells and rocket fire from British warships inspired Francis Scott Key to pen the lyrics to the “Star-Spangled Banner.” Seeing no way to penetrate American defenses, the British withdrew their troops and gave up their Chesapeake Campaign.”
Flag #2 West Massachusetts 54th Regiment Volunteers, Civil War
Sponsored by Kevin & Nan O’Neill
The significance of this Regiment to Salisbury is that the Salisbury resident James Haskell fought in the 54th Massachusetts for the Union and is buried in the Smith’s Corner/Bean Graveyard on Route 4, the first cemetery at the Maplewood Cemetery complex. He is buried next to his cousin John Haskell, also a veteran of a different regiment, who now has a tombstone based on research done by the Historical Society and friends of African American NH history. James Haskell died shortly after the Civil War. James & John Haskell – Salisbury, NH, Historical Society
James Haskell was of African descent. The Regiment was made up of African American soldiers. All Civil War soldiers faced the same perils: injury, disease, hunger, capture, and death. In the case of African American soldiers fighting for the Union, they faced an additional peril: a return to slavery had they been captured and the South won. The 54th Regiment is well known for its valor and the fight at Fort Wagner, South Carolina. There is a monument to the regiment at the State House in Boston, and this Regiment is the subject of an interesting movie named Glory.
Flag #4 West 2nd NH Regiment, Revolutionary War
Sponsored by Cindy Patten
In the History of Salisbury by John Dearborn, 1890, pages 252-256, there is information about the men from our area who served in the Revolutionary War and their commanders and regiments. It is a great example of how complicated the topic is to reconstruct and better left to war historians to sort out. The NH Regiments at first were numbered 1, 2, and 3. General Stark took command of the 1st NH, Enoch Poor of Exeter, the 2nd NH, and General Reed the third. Most Salisbury sons served at first in the First NH Regiment. In 1788, the 1st Regiment merged with the 3rd. No First NH flag exists nor description of it, and so we went with the 2nd NH Regiment for our display, as Salisbury men likely served under it, fought alongside it, and suffered hardships at New England battles (NY & Vermont) and Valley Forge with it close by.
1775 – 1784 The Flags of the First New Hampshire Regiment
“There is much conjecture and little substantial proof when it comes to the study of flags carried by the 1st New Hampshire Regiment during the American Revolution. Unfortunately, there are no flags attributed to the unit that have survived, to our knowledge. This brief work will not attempt to restate the history of flags carried through the war in general, but will only look at research along with some admitted conjecture which has been done within the last few years about the flags under which the 1NH served.”
Flag #5 West Battle of Bennington, August 16, 1777, Spirit of ’76 (Declaration of Independence), Revolutionary War
Sponsored by the Belanger Family
The flag above has become the symbol of the Battle of Bennington, Vermont, a crucial battle.
We will leave it to the flag scholars to debate which flag was flown at Bennington, this or the regimental dark green Green Mountain Boys Flag, as to which scholars disagree. Perhaps they both did! It is possible this was a commemorative flag created slightly later, which is of little concern to the many who love this inspiring 76 flag, as it says it all.
Battle of Bennington, August 16, 1777:
- Captain Ebenezer Webster’s Company fought at Bennington. Salisbury’s Roll According to John Dearborn: From the Concord and Boscawen Company: Ensign Andrew Pettengill, a crossroads resident, was injured in the battle of August 16th and died Dec 12th. Burial, possibly Searles Hill.
- Ebenezer Webster, Lieut Robert Smith, Lieut Andrew Bohonon, 4th Sargent Abraham Fifield, 3d Corp Samuel Lovering, 4th Corp Joshua Morse, Drummer John Sanborn, Fifer Jonathan Foster.
- Privates Benj Huntoon, William Searle, Richard Purmont, Benjamin Scribner, Peter Severance, Rowell Colby, John Fifield, Joseph Field, Edward Fifield, Jonathan Fifield, Jacob Bohonon, Wm Calef, Edmund Sawyer, John Gale, Jacob True, John Jemson, Robert Barber, Joseph Tucker, Moses Elkins, John Smith, Wm. Newton, Israel Webster, David Pettengill, Abel Elkins, James Johnson, Jacob Garland, George Bagley, Moses Welsh, Daniel Brocklebank, Mathew Pettengill, Edward Eastman
- Colonial George Reed’s Continental Regiment: Samuel Sanders, Jacob Morrill, Joseph Meloon.